不同地点和复垦方式煤矸石山土壤中丛枝菌根真菌群落变化

以山西省大同市晋华宫人工复垦和自然恢复煤矸石山以及忻州窑自然恢复煤矸石山为研究对象,采用IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序技术对三座煤矸石山土壤AM真菌群落组成进行分析,并测定其土壤理化性质,以探究不同地点煤矸石山不同复垦方式下土壤中丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AM真菌）群落组成的差异及其土壤影响因子。结果表明：晋华宫人工复垦煤矸石山和忻州窑自然恢复煤矸石山AM真菌多样性指数（Chao指数和香农-威纳指数）存在显著差异,但晋华宫人工复垦和自然恢复煤矸石山AM真菌群落的多样性指数差异不显著。试验共检测到67个AM真菌OTUs,可鉴定到3个AM真菌属级分类单元,其中球囊霉属（Glomus）在晋华宫人工复垦煤矸石山、晋华宫自然恢复煤矸石山和忻州窑自然恢复煤矸石山中均为最优势菌,多样孢囊霉属（Diversispora）、类球囊霉属（Paraglomus）仅出现在晋华宫自然恢复煤矸石山。多元置换方差分析和多维尺度分析结果表明,晋华宫两种恢复方式的煤矸石山之间AM真菌群落组成差异不显著,而晋华宫与忻州窑两个地点的煤矸石山AM真菌群落组成差异显著。AM...     

Microbial use of lignite compared to recent plant litter as substrates in reclaimed coal mine soils

In the Lusatian mining district, rehabilitated mine soils contain substantial amounts of lignite in addition to recent carbon derived from plant litter. The aim of this study was to examine the importance of the two organic matter types as substrates for soil microbial biomass in mine soils containing organic matter with a contrasting degree of humification. Samples were taken from the lignite-containing overburden material, from a mine soil under 14-year-old black pine (Pinus nigra) and from a mine soil under 37-year-old red oak (Quercus rubra). Overburden material was ameliorated with alkaline ash and incubated in an identical manner as the 14-year-old and 37-year-old mine soils for 16 months. Carbon mineralisation was monitored throughout. After 0, 3, 6, 12 and 16 months, samples were removed and analysed for chemical parameters and for microbial biomass. In addition, ¹⁴C activity measurements in bulk soil and microbial biomass were used to estimate their lignite content.Despite the high content of organic carbon in lignite-rich overburden material, low contents of microbial biomass were recorded. Ash-amelioration led to high pH values in the overburden material, resulting in high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon most likely derived from lignite. Development of the microbial community was subsequently stimulated by presence of an easily available carbon source. In older mine soils, larger amounts of microbial biomass are most likely related to the presence of recent organic matter. Radiocarbon analysis of the microbial biomass extracted from the 14-year-old mine soil indicated higher lignite carbon contribution than recorded for microbial biomass of the 37-year-old mine soil. The highest concentration of lignite C present in microbial biomass as indicated by the C_mic/C_org ratio was, however, observed in the ameliorated overburden material. Therefore, we conclude that the importance of lignite as a carbon source for micro-organisms decreases when recent organic matter is present in the older stages of mine soil development.     

青海江仓圣雄煤矿矸石堆积对周边高寒湿地植被和土壤影响

针对高寒地区露天煤矿开采产生的煤矸石堆积对多年冻土区高寒湿地的影响问题,本文通过地面调查、取样比较,研究分析了矿区周边高寒湿地植被和土壤特征对煤矸石渣山堆积的响应。结果表明,矿区煤矸石堆积的4年时间已经对周边近、中、远不同距离(300m,650m,1000m)高寒湿地植被和土壤产生了一定程度的影响,引起原生莎草类盖度和高度减小,靠近煤矸石渣山区域的牧草高度降低,中距离杂草平均高度比近距离高2.65cm。矸石堆积造成周围土壤容重增加,全氮和有机质含量逐渐减少,远距离0-10 cm土层全氮和有机质平均含量分别是近距离的1.16和1.20倍。高寒湿地土壤真菌和放线菌数量减少, 0-10cm土层近距离样区真菌数量仅为中距离的51.8 %,中距离样区放线菌数量分别是近距离和远距离的4.32和3.4倍。除锌元素和镉元素以外,煤矸石堆积没有显著影响土壤砷、铬、镍、铜、汞、铅等6种重金属元素含量。随机森林算法分析表明,杂草类高度,Zn元素含量,土壤容重、莎草盖度、有机质含量是煤矸石堆积对周围高寒湿地影响的主要因子。     

天然蒙脱石和沸石改良对黑麦草在铜尾矿砂上生长的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,开展了天然蒙脱石和沸石处理对黑麦草在铜矿尾矿砂上生长影响的研究。结果表明:蒙脱石和沸石改良对黑麦草的地上部生物量没有显著影响,但改变了黑麦草的根重;而施用肥料促进了黑麦草生长。蒙脱石的加入使尾矿砂的有效态锌含量显著降低,但对有效态铜的含量影响不明显;而沸石的加入均显著降低了尾矿砂的有效态铜和锌的含量;另外,矿物的加入降低了尾矿砂的pH值,但其变化与尾矿砂重金属有效态含量变化之间无相关性。矿物的加入降低了黑麦草根中的铜锌吸收,但蒙脱石增加了第一茬黑麦草地上部铜锌吸收,对第二茬黑麦草地上部铜锌吸收无影响;而沸石对两茬黑麦草地上部铜锌含量均无显著影响。不同生长期黑麦草对铜锌吸收量有差异,第二茬黑麦草的地上部锌含量明显高于第一茬,而铜含量则变化不大。     

石门雄黄矿周边农田土壤重金属污染及健康风险评估

湖南石门雄黄矿区环境污染及风险是当前国家环保部门和地方政府极为关注的重要环境问题之一。本研究以该矿区周边农田表层土壤为研究对象,调查分析了矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染状况及其空间分布特征,并采用美国EPA土壤健康风险模型评估了其对人体的健康风险。土壤重金属污染评价结果显示:该区土壤受到中度的As污染和Cd污染,As平均含量为80.26 mg/kg,Cd平均含量为0.55 mg/kg;Cu、Zn、Pb含量均未超过国家《土壤环境质量》的二级标准;综合污染指数显示研究区域为中度污染。美国EPA模型评估结果显示:成人和儿童的日暴露量及非致癌健康风险主要途径均为经手–口摄入,Cd对成人和儿童均不存在非致癌风险和总风险,As对儿童非致癌总风险指数为3.36,造成严重的非致癌健康威胁;经呼吸暴露的致癌风险,Cd对儿童和成人均不造成致癌健康影响,As对成人和儿童的平均致癌风险指数为3.13×10~(-4)和5.58×10~(-4),均存在显著的致癌健康风险,且As、Cd对儿童的健康威胁均高于成人。可见,该矿区周边农田土壤中As、Cd污染及其风险应加强控制与治理。     

深圳市鹏茜大理岩矿采空区稳定性数值模拟研究

由于采空区对原有岩体应力平衡的破坏,可能导致地面塌陷等地质灾害,威胁地表建筑、工程的安全。为研究深圳鹏茜大理岩矿采空区的稳定性,采用Flac3D建立三维数值模型对采空区围岩的应力、位移和塑性区进行了分析;同时,针对鹏茜大理岩矿不同倾角岩层段上、下水平矿柱的稳定性进行了计算。综合研究结果表明:鹏茜大理岩矿采空区整体稳定性良好。     

Tardigrade species composition in young soils and some aspects on life history of Macrobiotus richtersi J. Murray, 1911

In an afforested coal-mining site at Berzdorf, Germany, the soil tardigrade community was investigated. Tardigrade densities ranged from 300 to 33,600 individuals m⁻². Tardigrade distribution was very aggregated with standard deviations of up to 220% of mean densities. Fourteen species belonging to five eutardigrade genera were identified. Soils were dominated by the carnivorous tardigrade Macrobiotus richtersi that contributed 60% of overall densities. A comparison between nine soils of different forest ages (4–46 years) and tree species (poplar, alder, pine, mixed deciduous and mixed coniferous) showed no relationship of tardigrade species distribution and abundance to tree species, thickness of organic or litter layer, humus form, pH or soil moisture. Further, no correlation between nematode biomass and Macrobiotus richtersi abundances were detected. The age of afforested soils, however, affected tardigrade densities: younger soils (7–17 years) yielded higher tardigrade numbers compared to 46-year-old sites.Life history investigations on a strain of parthenogenetic Macrobiotus richtersi demonstrated a significant influence of temperature on egg development, survival rate, body growth and generation time. Hatching, first to fourth molts and maturing, on the other hand, were dependent upon body size alone. The simple, new culture method for carnivorous tardigrades described has successfully been utilized for parthenogenetic Macrobiotus richtersi for 6 years.     

粉煤灰对污染土壤中铜镉的稳定化

采用批衡量吸附和室内培养实验,考察了粉煤灰对Cu和Cd的吸附等温线及0.2%、0.5%、1%和2%用量的粉煤灰对土壤pH、有效态Cu和Cd、以及5种化学形态Cu和Cd分布的影响。结果表明:粉煤灰对Cu和Cd的吸附等温线均可以用Langmuir和Freundlich方程进行拟合,其对Cu的最大吸附量(9.90 mg/g)高于对Cd的最大吸附量(9.43 mg/g)。随着粉煤灰用量的增加,土壤pH显著增加,有效态Cu和Cd显著降低。同时,粉煤灰处理显著降低了离子交换态Cu和Cd含量,增加了铁锰氧化物结合态Cu和Cd含量,降低了Cu和Cd活性,使活性态Cu和Cd逐渐向潜在活性态和非活性态转化。其中培养60天后,2%处理的粉煤灰处理较对照pH提高了0.44个单位,离子交换态Cu和Cd分别降低了35.7%和35.9%。因此,粉煤灰能够有效吸附Cu和Cd,显著降低土壤有效态和离子交换态Cu和Cd的含量,在重金属稳定化修复应用中具有较好的应用前景。     

煤矸石自然风化及人工模拟风化过程中盐分及pH值的动态变化——以平朔露天矿区为例

为揭示煤矸石初期物理崩解风化过程中盐分和pH值的动态变化规律,选择了山西平朔露天矿区17处暴露地表自然风化5年和14年粒径为0.1～10.0mm的风化煤矸石,以及经过人工破碎粒径也为0.1～10.0mm的新鲜煤矸石为对比材料。研究结果表明:自然风化14年左右的煤矸石全盐量高于风化5年左右的煤矸石。自然风化煤矸石pH值的变化幅度为6.55～9.20,人工破碎新鲜煤矸石的pH值为7.26～7.95。人工破碎新鲜煤矸石30min、48h、96h浸水试验结果表明,同一浸泡时间含盐量随着粒径缩小而升高,同一粒径随着浸泡时间的延长而变大;同一浸泡时间pH值随着粒径缩小而降低,同一粒径随着浸泡时间的延长也变大;风化煤矸石的pH值和全盐含量>新鲜煤矸石。     

气化渣-秸秆营养穴盘制备材料的筛选研究

为筛选出制备气化渣-秸秆营养穴盘的最优材料配比,实现气化渣、秸秆等固废资源化利用,本研究以谷子秸秆为强化材料,以气化渣为主要填充材料,在热压条件下制备不同质量配比的穴盘坯块,通过坯块的吸水与保水性、抗崩解、抗振荡试验分别探索营养穴盘应用过程中为植物供水的能力、抗浸泡性能、抵抗振荡性能。结果表明：谷子秸秆添加与坯块的吸水倍数、保水率以及崩解残留率均呈显著正相关关系,其添加为营养穴盘的吸水保水性与抗崩解能力提供了保障。添加到营养穴盘中的气化渣过多反而会降低穴盘的吸水、保水性能,导致穴盘抵抗振荡的能力变弱,因此,气化渣的添加量需要控制在一定范围内。综合分析营养穴盘的供水能力、抗浸泡性能、抵抗振荡性能可知,营养穴盘制备材料最优配比为秸秆在固体混合材料(秸秆+气化渣+黏土)中的占比为70%、气化渣在填充材料(气化渣+黏土)中的占比为60%。